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1 использовать в медицине
•This chloride is used medicinally (or in medicine) to neutralize...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использовать в медицине
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2 использовать в медицине
•This chloride is used medicinally (or in medicine) to neutralize...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использовать в медицине
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3 sal
f.1 salt (cooking & chemistry).sal común o de cocina cooking saltsal gema rock saltsal marina sea saltsal de mesa table salt2 wit (gracia).es la sal de la vida it's one of the little things that makes life worth living3 charm (garbo).4 misfortune, bad luck. ( Central American Spanish, Carib, Mexican Spanish)echar la sal a alguien to put a jinx on somebody5 piquancy, liveliness, salt, spice.imperat.2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: salir.* * *1→ link=salir salir————————1 salt1 smelling salts\echar sal a algo to add salt to somethingla sal de la vida figurado the spice of lifesal de cocina cooking saltsal de frutas fruit salts pluralsal fina table saltsal gema rock saltsal gorda coarse saltsales de baño bath salts* * *noun f.* * *ISF1) (Culin, Quím) saltsal común — kitchen salt, cooking salt
sal de cocina — kitchen salt, cooking salt
sal de eno — CAm fruit salts, liver salts
sal gorda — kitchen salt, cooking salt
2) [de persona] (=gracia) wit; (=encanto) charm3) LAm (=mala suerte) misfortune, piece of bad luckII* * *I1) (Coc) saltcaerle (la) sal a alguien — (Méx fam)
le cayó la sal con la venta de la casa — she was unlucky o she had bad luck when she sold the house
echarle la sal a alguien — (Méx fam) to put a jinx on somebody
la sal de la tierra — the salt of the earth
2) (Quím) salt3) (fam) (gracia, chispa)IIesa sal que tiene para contar anécdotas — her witty o funny way of telling stories
* * *= salt.Ex. Some subjects have both common and technical names, e.g. salt or sodium chloride.----* camión que esparce sal en las carreteras = gritter.* echar sal = salt.* echar sal en la herida = add + salt to injury, add + salt to the wound, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.* grano de sal = grain of salt.* minas de sal = saltworks.* para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury.* poner sal = salt.* sabor a sal = saltiness.* sal de ajo = garlic salt.* sal de la tierra = salt of the earth.* sal de mesa = table salt.* sal de roca = rock salt.* sales de baño = bath salts.* sal fina = table salt.* sal gema = rock salt.* sal gorda = kitchen salt, cooking salt, coarse salt.* sal gruesa = rock salt, cooking salt, kitchen salt, coarse salt.* sal marina = sea salt.* * *I1) (Coc) saltcaerle (la) sal a alguien — (Méx fam)
le cayó la sal con la venta de la casa — she was unlucky o she had bad luck when she sold the house
echarle la sal a alguien — (Méx fam) to put a jinx on somebody
la sal de la tierra — the salt of the earth
2) (Quím) salt3) (fam) (gracia, chispa)IIesa sal que tiene para contar anécdotas — her witty o funny way of telling stories
* * *= salt.Ex: Some subjects have both common and technical names, e.g. salt or sodium chloride.
* camión que esparce sal en las carreteras = gritter.* echar sal = salt.* echar sal en la herida = add + salt to injury, add + salt to the wound, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.* grano de sal = grain of salt.* minas de sal = saltworks.* para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury.* poner sal = salt.* sabor a sal = saltiness.* sal de ajo = garlic salt.* sal de la tierra = salt of the earth.* sal de mesa = table salt.* sal de roca = rock salt.* sales de baño = bath salts.* sal fina = table salt.* sal gema = rock salt.* sal gorda = kitchen salt, cooking salt, coarse salt.* sal gruesa = rock salt, cooking salt, kitchen salt, coarse salt.* sal marina = sea salt.* * *sal1A ( Coc) saltéchale or ponle una pizca de sal add a pinch of saltmantequilla sin sal unsalted buttercaerle (la) sal a algn ( Méx fam): le cayó la sal con la venta de la casa she was unlucky o she had bad luck when she sold the housela sal de la tierra the salt of the earthCompuestos:common saltgarlic saltcooking salttable salt● sal finatable salt● sal gemarock saltA ( Coc) cooking salt(CS) cooking saltsea saltiodized salt( fam); life, sparkla música flamenca le puso un poco de sal y pimienta a la fiesta the flamenco music added a bit of spark o life to the partyle falta un poco de sal y pimienta she has no spark o life about her¡qué sal y pimienta con la que bailan! they're such lively dancers!B ( Quím) saltCompuestos:fruit salts (pl)( Per) caustic sodafpl smelling salts (pl)fpl bath salts (pl)hydrochloric acidC ( fam)(gracia, chispa): esa sal que tiene para contar anécdotas her witty o funny way of telling storiespara mí viajar es la sal de la vida for me travel is the spice of life* * *
Del verbo salir: ( conjugate salir)
sal es:
2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
sal
salir
sal sustantivo femenino
1 (Coc) salt;
echarle la sal a algn (Méx fam) to put a jinx on sb
2 (Quím) salt;
sales de baño bath salts (pl)
salir ( conjugate salir) verbo intransitivo
1 ( partir) to leave;◊ ¿a qué hora sale el tren? what time does the train leave?;
el jefe había salido de viaje the boss was away;
salió corriendo (fam) she was off like a shot (colloq);
sal de algo to leave from sth;
¿de qué andén sale el tren? what platform does the train leave from?;
salgo de casa a las siete I leave home at seven;
sal para algo to leave for sth
2 ( al exterior — acercándose al hablante) to come out;
(— alejándose del hablante) to go out;
no puedo sal, me he quedado encerrado I can't get out, I'm trapped in here;
sal de algo to come out/get out of sth;
¡sal de ahí/de aquí! come out of there/get out of here!;
¿de dónde salió este dinero? where did this money come from?;
nunca ha salido de España he's never been out of Spain;
sal por la ventana/por la puerta to get out through the window/leave by the door;
salieron al balcón/al jardín they went out onto the balcony/into the garden;
¿por aquí se sale a la carretera? can I get on to the road this way?;
salió a hacer las compras she's gone out (to do the) shopping
3 ( habiendo terminado algo) to leave;◊ ¿a qué hora sales de clase? what time do you get out of class o finish your class?;
¿cuándo sale del hospital? when is he coming out of (the) hospital?
4
sal con algn to go out with sb
5 [clavo/tapón/mancha] to come out;
[ anillo] to come off
1 (aparecer, manifestarse)
(+ me/te/le etc)
le están saliendo los dientes she's teething;
me salió una ampolla I've got a blister;
le salió un sarpullido he came out in a rash;
me salieron granos I broke out o (BrE) came out in spots;
me sale sangre de la nariz my nose is bleeding;
a la planta le están saliendo hojas nuevas the plant's putting out new leaves
( de detrás de una nube) to come out
2
[ disco] to come out, be released;
(+ compl)
1 ( expresando logro) (+ me/te/le etc):
ahora mismo no me sale su nombre (fam) I can't think of her name right now;
no le salían las palabras he couldn't get his words out
2
◊ sale más barato/caro it works out less/more expensiveb) ( resultar):◊ todo salió bien everything turned out o worked out well;
salió tal como lo planeamos it turned out just as we planned;
no salió ninguna de las fotos none of the photographs came out;
¿qué número salió premiado? what was the winning number?;
sal bien/mal en un examen (Chi fam) to pass/fail an exam;
(+ me/te/le etc)
3 (de situación, estado) sal de algo ‹ de apuro› to get out of sth;
‹ de depresión› to get over sth;
sal adelante [ negocio] to stay afloat, survive;
[ propuesta] to prosper;◊ lograron sal adelante they managed to get through it
4 ( con preposición)a)
b)
salirse verbo pronominal
1
[ leche] to boil over;
salse de algo ‹ de carretera› to come/go off sth;
‹ de tema› to get off sth;
procura no salte del presupuesto try to keep within the budget
[ gas] to escape, come out
2 ( soltarse) [pedazo/pieza] to come off;
(+ me/te/le etc)
3 ( irse) to leave;
salse de algo ‹ de asociación› to leave sth;◊ salse con la suya to get one's (own) way
sal sustantivo femenino
1 salt
sal fina o de mesa, table salt
sal gruesa o gorda, cooking salt
sales de baño, bath salts
2 fam (chispa, gracejo) wit, sparkle
la sal de la vida, the spice of life
salir verbo intransitivo
1 (de un lugar) to go out: nunca ha salido de su país, he's never been out of his country
el ladrón salió por la ventana, the burglar got out through the window
(si el hablante está fuera) to come out: ¡sal de la habitación, por favor! please, come out of the room!
2 Inform to exit
(de un sistema) to log off
3 (partir) to leave: salí de casa a mediodía, I left home at noon
nuestro avión sale a las seis, our plane departs at six
4 (para divertirse) to go out: siempre sale los viernes, she always goes out on Friday
5 (tener una relación) to go out: está saliendo con Ana, he's going out with Ana
6 Dep to start
(en juegos) to lead
7 (manifestarse, emerger) le ha salido un grano en la cara, he has got a spot on his face
me salió sangre de la nariz, my nose was bleeding
(un astro) to rise: la Luna sale al atardecer, the moon comes out in the evening
(retoñar, germinar) to sprout
8 (surgir) la idea salió de ti, it was your idea
9 (aparecer) mi hermana salía en (la) televisión, my sister appeared on television
(un libro, un disco, etc) to come out
10 salir a (parecerse) ha salido a su hermano, he takes after his brother
(costar) el almuerzo sale a 800 pesetas cada uno, lunch works out at 800 pesetas a head
11 (resultar) su hija le ha salido muy estudiosa, her daughter has turned out to be very studious
salió premiado el número 5.566, the winning number was 5,566
(una operación matemática) a él le da 20, pero a mí me sale 25, he gets 20, but I make it 25
12 (costar) nos sale barato, it works out cheap
13 (superar una situación, una gran dificultad) to come through, get over: estuvo muy enfermo, pero salió de esa, he was very ill, but he pulled through
14 (ser elegido por votación) salió alcalde, he was elected mayor
♦ Locuciones: salir con, (manifestación inesperada) no me salgas ahora con estupideces, stop talking nonsense
' sal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
afuera
- corta
- corto
- derretir
- hervir
- le
- media
- medio
- pizca
- rasa
- raso
- salir
- salar
- salada
- salado
- salero
- sazonar
- sosa
- soso
- vinagrera
- pellizco
- poder
- por
- reducir
English:
bow
- coarse
- grain
- overdo
- pass
- pinch
- put
- rock salt
- salt
- salt-free
- reach
- some
- unsalted
* * *♦ nf1. [condimento] salt;echar sal a [guiso] to add salt to;sin sal [mantequilla] unsaltedsal de cocina cooking salt;sal común cooking salt;sal fina table salt;sal de fruta fruit salts;sal gema rock salt;Esp sal gorda [en la cocina] cooking salt; Fig [como descripción] coarse salt; Fig [humor soez] coarse humour;sal gruesa cooking salt;sal marina sea salt;sal de mesa table salt2. Quím saltsal amónica sal ammoniac3. [gracia] wit;[garbo] verve;tiene mucha sal bailando she dances with great verve;es la sal de la vida it's one of the things that make life worth living4. CAm, Carib, Méx [desgracia] misfortune, bad luck;echar la sal a alguien to put a jinx on sb♦ sales nfpl1. [para reanimar] smelling salts* * *I f1 salt;sin sal salt-free, without salt;bajo en sal low in salt, low-salt atrsal y pimienta spark, zest3 C.Am., Méxbad luckII vb → salir* * *sal nf1) : salt2) CA, Mex : misfortune, bad luck* * *sal n salt -
4 aislado
adj.1 isolated, remote, alone, cocooned.2 isolated, infrequent.3 discrete.m.isolate.past part.past participle of spanish verb: aislar.* * *1→ link=aislar aislar► adjetivo1 (suelto) isolated2 TÉCNICA insulated* * *(f. - aislada)adj.* * *ADJ1) (=remoto) isolated2) (=incomunicado) cut offestán aislados de la civilización — they are cut off o isolated from civilization
3) (=suelto)4) (Elec) insulated* * *- da adjetivo1)a) ( alejado) remote, isolatedb) ( sin comunicación) cut offaislado de algo — cut off o isolated from something
c) < caso> isolated2) (Elec) insulated* * *= occasional, hideaway, isolated, insulated, behind closed doors, out in the woods.Ex. BLAISE conduct the occasional search for those libraries which do not have access to a terminal.Ex. Gerould College, a co-educational undergraduate institution, is located on the outskirts of a peaceful, hideaway village in the Northeast, far from the rumbling tempo of industrialism.Ex. In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.Ex. Health problems and potential legal liability caused by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulated wiring in library building air ducts is referred to.Ex. Committee meetings are normally held behind closed doors but, occasionally, a committee will decide to hold a public hearing on a given topic.Ex. This house is located in the small village and writers can get work done here but not because they are out in the woods.----* aislado de personalidad = personality isolate.* aislado por el invierno = winterbound.* aislado por la nieve = snowbound.* colina aislada = butte.* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.* sentirse aislado = feel + left out.* * *- da adjetivo1)a) ( alejado) remote, isolatedb) ( sin comunicación) cut offaislado de algo — cut off o isolated from something
c) < caso> isolated2) (Elec) insulated* * *= occasional, hideaway, isolated, insulated, behind closed doors, out in the woods.Ex: BLAISE conduct the occasional search for those libraries which do not have access to a terminal.
Ex: Gerould College, a co-educational undergraduate institution, is located on the outskirts of a peaceful, hideaway village in the Northeast, far from the rumbling tempo of industrialism.Ex: In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.Ex: Health problems and potential legal liability caused by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulated wiring in library building air ducts is referred to.Ex: Committee meetings are normally held behind closed doors but, occasionally, a committee will decide to hold a public hearing on a given topic.Ex: This house is located in the small village and writers can get work done here but not because they are out in the woods.* aislado de personalidad = personality isolate.* aislado por el invierno = winterbound.* aislado por la nieve = snowbound.* colina aislada = butte.* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.* sentirse aislado = feel + left out.* * *aislado -daA1 (alejado) remote, isolated2 (sin comunicación) cut offel pueblo quedó aislado durante varios días the village was cut off for several daysaislado DE algo cut off o isolated FROM sthdesde que ella murió vive aislado del mundo since she died he's cut himself off from the worlduna zona aislada de la civilización an area cut off o isolated from civilization3 ‹caso› isolatedB ( Elec) insulated* * *
Del verbo aislar: ( conjugate aislar)
aislado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
aislado
aislar
aislado◊ -da adjetivo
vive aislado del mundo he's cut himself off from the world
d) (Elec) insulated
aislar ( conjugate aislar) verbo transitivo
‹ preso› to place … in solitary confinement;
‹ virus› to isolate
c) (Elec) to insulate
aislarse verbo pronominal ( refl) to cut oneself off
aislado,-a adjetivo
1 isolated
2 Téc insulated
aislar verbo transitivo
1 to isolate
2 Téc to insulate
' aislado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aislada
- incomunicada
- incomunicado
- tampoco
- diablo
- perdido
English:
isolated
- isolation
- lonely
- marooned
- remote
- remotely
- scattered
- snow in
- snowbound
- cut
- occasional
- secluded
- snow
* * *aislado, -a adj1. [remoto] isolated2. [incomunicado] cut off;nos quedamos aislados por la nieve we were cut off by the snow;vive aislado del resto del mundo he has cut himself off from the rest of the world3. [singular] isolated4. [cable, pared] insulated* * *adj isolated* * *aislado, -da adj: isolated, alone* * *aislado adj isolated -
5 Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 12 December 1842 Biendorf, near Köthen, Germanyd. 9 June 1902 Dresden, Germany[br]German mine surveyor, inventor of the freezing process for sinking shafts.[br]Pötsch was the son of a forest officer and could not easily attend school, with the consequences that it took him a long time to obtain the scholarly education needed to enable him to begin work on a higher level with the mining administration in the duchy of Anhalt in 1868. Seven years later, he was licensed as a Prussian mining surveyor and in this capacity he worked with the mining inspectorate of Aschersleben. During that time he frequently came across shafts for brown-coal mines which had been sunk down to watery strata but then had to be abandoned. His solution to the problem was to freeze the quicksand with a solution of chloride; this was better than the previous attempts in England to instal cooling coils at the bottom of the shaft. Pötsch's conception implied the construction of ice walls with the means of boreholes and refrigerators. By his method a set of boreholes was driven through the watery strata, the smaller pipes contained within the main bore pipes, providing a channel through which calcium chloride was pumped, returning through the longer pipe until the ground was frozen solid. He obtained a patent in 1883 and many leading international journals reported on the method the same year.In 1884 he established the Internationale Gesselschaft für Schacht-, Brucken-und Tunnelbau in Magdeburg and he also became Director of the Poetsch-Sooy-Smith Freezing Company in New Jersey, which constructed the first freezing shaft in America in 1888.However, Pötsch was successful only for a short period of time and, being a clumsy entrepreneur, he had to dissolve his company in 1894. Unfortunately, his decision to carry out the complete shaft-sinking business did not allow him to concentrate on solving upcoming technical problems of his new process. It was Louis Gebhardt (1861–1924), his former engineer, who took care of development, especially in co-operation with French mining engineers, and thus provided the basis for the freezing process becoming widely used for shaft-sinking in complicated strata ever since.[br]Bibliography1886, Das Gefrierverfahren. Methode für schnelles, sicheres und lotrechtes Abteufen von Schächten im Schwimmsande und uberhaupt im wasserreichen Gebirge; für Herstellung tiefgehender Bruckenpfeiler und für TunnelBauten in rolligem und schwimmendem Gebirge, Freiberg.1889, Geschichtliches über die Entstehung und Herausbildung des Gefrierverfahrens, Magdeburg.1895, Das Gefrierverfahren und das kombinierte Schachtabbohr-und Gefrierverfahren (Patent Pötsch), Freiberg.Further ReadingD.Hoffmann, 1962, AchtJahrzehnte Gefrierverfahren nach Putsch, Essen: Glückauf (the most substantial biography; also covers technological aspects).G.Gach, 1986, In Schacht und Strecke, Essen: Glückauf, pp. 31–53 (provides information on the development of specialized mining companies in Germany originating in the freezing process).WKBiographical history of technology > Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann
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6 Saniter, Ernest Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1863 Middlesbrough, Englandd. 2 November 1934 Rotherham, Yorkshire[br]English chemist and metallurgist who introduced a treatment to remove sulphur from molten iron.[br]Saniter spent three years as a pupil in J.E.Stead's chemical laboratory in Middlesbrough, and then from 1883 was employed in the same town as Assistant Chemist at the new North-Eastern Steelworks. In 1890 he became Chief Chemist to the Wigan Coal and Iron Company in Lancashire. There he devised a desulphurizing treatment for molten iron and steel, based upon the presence of abundant lime together with calcium chloride. Between 1898 and 1904 he was in the Middlesbrough district once more, employed by Dorman Long \& Co. and Bell Brothers in experiments which led to the establishment of Teesside's first large-scale basic open-hearth steel plant. Calcium fluoride (fluorspar), mentioned in Saniter's 1892 patent, soon came to replace the calcium chloride; with this modification, his method retained wide applicability throughout the era of open-hearth steel. In 1904 Saniter became chief metallurgist to Steel, Peech \& Tozer Limited of Sheffield, and he remained in this post until 1928. Throughout the last forty years of his life he participated in the discussion of steelmaking developments and practices.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, Iron and Steel Institute 1927–34. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1910.Bibliography1892. "A new process for the purification of iron and steel from sulphur", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:216–22.1893. "A supplementary paper on a new process for desulphurising iron and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:73–7. 29 October 1892, British patent no. 8,612.15 October 1892, British patent no. 8,612A. 29 July 1893, British patent no. 17, 692.28 October 1893, British patent no. 23,534.Further ReadingK.C.Barraclough, 1990, Steelmaking: 1850–1900 458, London: Institute of Metals, 271– 8.JKA -
7 Weldon, Walter
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 31 October 1832 Loughborough, Englandd. 20 September 1885 Burstow, Surrey, England[br]English industrial chemist.[br]It was intended that Weldon should enter his father's factory in Loughborough, but he decided instead to turn to journalism, which he pursued with varying success in London. His Weldon's Register of Facts and Occurrences in Literature, Science, and Art ran for only four years, from 1860 to 1864, but the fashion magazine Weldon's Journal, which he published with his wife, was more successful. Meanwhile Weldon formed an interest in chemistry, although he had no formal training in that subject. He devoted himself to solving one of the great problems of industrial chemistry at that time. The Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda produced large quantities of hydrochloric acid in gas form. By this time, this by-product was being converted, by oxidation with manganese dioxide, to chlorine, which was much used in the textile and paper industries as a bleaching agent. The manganese ended up as manganese chloride, from which it was difficult to convert back to the oxide, for reuse in treating the hydrochloric acid, and it was an expensive substance. Weldon visited the St Helens district of Lancashire, an important centre for the manufacture of soda, to work on the problem. During the three years from 1866 to 1869, he took out six patents for the regeneration of manganese dioxide by treating the manganese chloride with milk of lime and blowing air through it. The Weldon process was quickly adopted and had a notable economic effect: the price of bleaching powder came down by £6 per ton and production went up fourfold.By the time of his death, nearly all chlorine works in the world used Weldon's process. The distinguished French chemist J.B.A.Dumas said of the process, when presenting Weldon with a gold medal, "every sheet of paper and every yard of calico has been cheapened throughout the world". Weldon played an active part in the founding of the Society of Chemical Industry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1882. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1883–4.Further ReadingT.C.Barker and J.R.Harris, 1954, A Merseyside Town in the Industrial Revolution: St Helens, 1750–1900, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; reprinted with corrections, 1959, London: Cass.S.Miall, 1931, A History of the British Chemical Industry.LRD -
8 взаимодействовать
•In this reaction the potassium chloride and the sulphate of potash-magnesia will react to yield potassium sulphate and magnesium chloride.
•These factors interplay in an intricate fashion.
•Optical signals can interact on a subpicosecond time scale.
* * *Взаимодействовать -- to interact (действовать совместно); to react (реагировать) Взаимодействовать с-- Using simple commands, the designer is able to interact with the machine via graphic in a 3D, visual, solid shape mode.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > взаимодействовать
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9 взаимодействовать
•In this reaction the potassium chloride and the sulphate of potash-magnesia will react to yield potassium sulphate and magnesium chloride.
•These factors interplay in an intricate fashion.
•Optical signals can interact on a subpicosecond time scale.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > взаимодействовать
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10 подходить
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > подходить
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11 Cruickshank, William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]d. 1810/11 Scotland[br]Scottish chemist and surgeon, inventor of a trough battery developed from Volta's pile.[br]Cruickshank graduated MA from King's College, Aberdeen, in 1765, and later gained a Diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons. When chemistry was introduced in 1788 into the course at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich, Cruickshank became a member of staff, serving as Assistant to Dr A.Crawford, the Lecturer in Chemistry. Upon Crawford's death in 1796 Cruickshank succeeded him as Lecturer and held the post until his retirement due to ill health in 1804. He also held the senior posts of Chemist to the Ordnance at Woolwich and Surgeon to the Ordnance Medical Department. He should not be confused with William Cumberland Cruickshank (1745–1800), who was also a surgeon and Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1801, shortly after Volta's announcement of his pile, Cruickshank built a voltaic pile to facilitate his experiments in electrochemistry. The pile had zinc and silver plates about 1½ in2 (10 cm2) with interposed papers moistened with ammonium chloride. Dissatisfied with this arrangement, Cruickshank devised a horizontal trough battery in which a wooden box was divided into cells, each holding a pair of zinc and silver or zinc and copper plates. Charged with a dilute solution of ammonium chloride, the battery, which was typically of sixty cells, was found to be more convenient to use than a pile and it, or a derivative, was generally adopted for electrochemical experiments including tose of Humphrey Davy during the early years of the nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1802.Bibliography1801, article in Nicholsons Journal 4:187–91 (describes Cruickshank's original pile). 1801, article in Nicholsons Journal 4:245–64 (describes his trough battery).Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London (a short account). A.Courts, 1959, "William Cruickshank", Annals of Science 15:121–33 GW -
12 Gossage, William
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 1799 Burgh-in-the-Marsh, Lincolnshire, Englandd. 9 April 1877 Bowdon, Cheshire, England[br]English industrial chemist, inventor of the absorption tower.[br]At the age of 12 he was working for his father, who was a chemist and druggist. When he was old enough, he started in the same trade on his own account at Leamington, but soon turned to the making of salt and alkali at a works in Stoke Prior, Worcestershire. In 1850 he moved to Widnes, Lancashire, and established a plant for the manufacture of alkali and soap. Gossage's soap became famous, and some 200,000 tons of it were sold during the period 1862 to 1887. Gossage made important improvements to the Leblanc process. Hitherto, the large quantities of hydrogen chloride discharged into the atmosphere had been a considerable nuisance and a cause of much litigation from aggrieved parties. Gossage introduced the absorption tower, in which the ascending hydrogen chloride was absorbed by a descending stream of water. An outcome of this improvement was the Alkali Act of 1863, which required manufacturers to absorb up to 95 per cent of the offending gas. Gossage later took out many other industrial chemical patents, and for a time he was engaged in copper smelting with works in both Widnes and Neath, South Wales.[br]Further ReadingJ.Fenwick Allen, 1907, Some Founders of the Chemical Industry, London. D.W.F.Hardie, 1950, A History of the Chemical Industry in Widnes, London.LRD -
13 устранять затруднение
•This problem is remedied by prescribing the appropriate vitamin supplements.
•To circumvent (or obviate) a difficulty, one has to...
•This problem has been countered (or rectified) by the addition of...
•The difficulty is easily solved by the use of...
•To get around this difficulty, many plants have...
•To overcome (or deal with) the difficulty, you have to...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > устранять затруднение
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14 Baekeland, Leo Hendrik
[br]b. 14 November 1863 Saint-Martens-Latern, Belgiumd. 23 February 1944 Beacon, New York, USA[br]Belgian/American inventor of the Velox photographic process and the synthetic plastic Bakélite.[br]The son of an illiterate shoemaker, Baekeland was first apprenticed in that trade, but was encouraged by his mother to study, with spectacular results. He won a scholarship to Gand University and graduated in chemistry. Before he was 21 he had achieved his doctorate, and soon afterwards he obtained professorships at Bruges and then at Gand. Baekeland seemed set for a distinguished academic career, but he turned towards the industrial applications of chemistry, especially in photography.Baekeland travelled to New York to further this interest, but his first inventions met with little success so he decided to concentrate on one that seemed to have distinct commercial possibilities. This was a photographic paper that could be developed in artificial light; he called this "gas light" paper Velox, using the less sensitive silver chloride as a light-sensitive agent. It proved to have good properties and was easy to use, at a time of photography's rising popularity. By 1896 the process began to be profitable, and three years later Baekeland disposed of his plant to Eastman Kodak for a handsome sum, said to be $3–4 million. That enabled him to retire from business and set up a laboratory at Yonkers to pursue his own research, including on synthetic resins. Several chemists had earlier obtained resinous products from the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde but had ignored them. By 1907 Baekeland had achieved sufficient control over the reaction to obtain a good thermosetting resin which he called "Bakélite". It showed good electrical insulation and resistance to chemicals, and was unchanged by heat. It could be moulded while plastic and would then set hard on heating, with its only drawback being its brittleness. Bakelite was an immediate success in the electrical industry and Baekeland set up the General Bakelite Company in 1910 to manufacture and market the product. The firm grew steadily, becoming the Bakélite Corporation in 1924, with Baekeland still as active President.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Electrochemical Society 1909. President, American Chemical Society 1924. Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1936.Further ReadingJ.Gillis, 1965, Leo Baekeland, Brussels.A.R.Matthis, 1948, Leo H.Baekeland, Professeur, Docteur ès Sciences, chimiste, inventeur et grand industriel, Brussels.J.K.Mumford, 1924, The Story of Bakélite.C.F.Kettering, 1947, memoir on Baekeland, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 24 (includes a list of his honours and publications).LRD -
15 незначительный
••This component is present in minor (or insignificant) amounts.
•Only a fair (or moderate) current value is passed through...
•A great many modifications can be introduced with little or no additional labour cost.
•Except for minor difficulties the work proceeds smoothly.
•This is a beryl mine, but it has also produced minor amounts of spodumene.
•When only moderate accuracy is required,...
•Such a catalyst would have only a marginal effect on the cost of ammonia.
•Of the three gradients, the pressure gradient is found to have only a slight (or an insignificant) effect.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > незначительный
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16 Leblanc, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 6 December 1742 Ivey-le-Pré, Franced. 16 January 1806 Paris, France[br]French chemist, inventor of the Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda.[br]Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.[br]Further ReadingA.A.Leblanc, 1884, Nicolas Leblanc, sa vie, ses travaux et l'histoire de la soude artificielle, Paris (the standard biography, by his grandson).For more critical studies, see: C.C.Gillispie, 1957, "The discovery of the Leblanc process", Isis 48:152–70; J.G.Smith, 1970, "Studies in certain chemical industries in revolutionary and Napoleonic France", unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds University.LRD -
17 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
18 Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1765 Franced. 5 July 1833 Chalon, France[br]French inventor who was the first to produce permanent photographic images with the aid of a camera.[br]Coming from a prosperous family, Niepce was educated in a Catholic seminary and destined for the priesthood. The French Revolution intervened and Niepce became an officer in an infantry regiment. An attack of typhoid fever in Italy ended his military career, and he returned to France and was married. Returning to his paternal home in Chalon in 1801, he joined with his brother Claude to construct an ingenious engine called the pyréolophore, which they patented in 1807. The French Government also encouraged the brothers in their attempts to produce large quantities of indigo-blue dye from wood, a venture that was ultimately unsuccessful.Nicéphore began to experiment with lithography, which led him to take an interest in the properties of light-sensitive materials. He pursued this interest after Claude moved to Paris in 1816 and is reported to have made negative images in a camera obscura using paper soaked in silver chloride. Niepce went on to experiment with bitumen of judea, a substance that hardened on exposure to light. In 1822, using bitumen of judea on glass, he produced a heliograph from an engraving. The first images from nature may have been made as early as 1824, but the world's earliest surviving photographic image was made in 1826. A view of the courtyard of Niepce's home in Chalon was captured on a pewter plate coated with bitumen of judea; an exposure of several hours was required, the softer parts of the bitumen being dissolved away by a solvent to reveal the image.In 1827 he took examples of his work to London where he met Francis Bauer, Secretary of the Royal Society. Nothing came of this meeting, but on returning to France Niepce continued his work and in 1829 entered into a formal partnership with L.J.M. Daguerre with a view to developing their mutual interest in capturing images formed by the camera obscura. However, the partnership made only limited progress and was terminated by Niepce's death in 1833. It was another six years before the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes was made.[br]Bibliography1973. Joseph Nicéphore Niepce lettres 1816–7, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.1974, Joseph Nicéphore Niepce correspondences 1825–1829, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).JWBiographical history of technology > Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore
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19 Perkin, Sir William Henry
[br]b. 12 March 1838 London, Englandd. 14 July 1907 Sudbury, England[br]English chemist, discoverer of aniline dyes, the first synthetic dyestuffs.[br]He early showed an aptitude for chemistry and in 1853 entered the Royal College of Chemistry as a student under A.W.von Hofmann, the first Professor at the College. By the end of his first year, he had carried out his first piece of chemical research, on the action of cyanogen chloride on phenylamine, which he published in the Journal of the Chemical Society (1857). He became honorary assistant to von Hofmann in 1857; three years previously he had set up his own chemical laboratory at home, where he had discovered the first of the azo dyes, aminoazonapththalene. In 1856 Perkin began work on the synthesis of quinine by oxidizing a salt of allyl toluidine with potassium dichromate. Substituting aniline, he obtained a dark-coloured precipitate which proved to possess dyeing properties: Perkin had discovered the first aniline dye. Upon receiving favourable reports on the new material from manufacturers of dyestuffs, especially Pullars of Perth, Perkin resigned from the College and turned to the commercial exploitation of his discovery. This proved highly successful. From 1858, the dye was manufactured at his Greenford Green works as "Aniline Purple" or "Tyrian Purple". It was later to be referred to by the French as mauve. Perkin's discovery led to the development of the modern dyestuffs industry, supplanting dyes from the traditional vegetable sources. In 1869, he introduced two new methods for making the red dye alizarin, in place of the process that involved the use of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). In spite of German competition, he dominated the British market until the end of 1873. After eighteen years in chemical industry, Perkin retired and devoted himself entirely to the pure chemical research which he had been pursuing since the 1850s. He eventually contributed ninety papers to the Chemical Society and further papers to other bodies, including the Royal Society. For example, in 1867 he published his synthesis of unsaturated organic acids, known as "Perkin's synthesis". Other papers followed, on the structure of "Aniline Purple". In 1881 Perkin drew attention to the magnetic-rotatory power of some of the substances he had been dealing with. From then on, he devoted particular attention to the application of this phenomenon to the determination of chemical structure.Perkin won wide recognition for his discoveries and other contributions to chemistry.The half-centenary of his great discovery was celebrated in July 1906 and later that year he received a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1906. FRS 1866. President, Chemical Society 1883–5. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1884–5. Royal Society Royal Medal 1879; Davy Medal 1889.Bibliography26 August 1856, British patent no. 1984 (Aniline Purple).1867, "The action of acetic anhydride upon the hydrides of salicyl, etc.", Journal of the Chemical Society 20:586 (the first description of Perkin's synthesis).Further ReadingS.M.Edelstein, 1961, biography in Great Chemists, ed. E.Farber, New York: Interscience, pp. 757–72 (a reliable, short account).R.Meldola, 1908, Journal of the Chemical Society 93:2,214–57 (the most detailed account).LRDBiographical history of technology > Perkin, Sir William Henry
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20 иметь вид
•The region has the aspect of an undulating plane.
•The exact notation will look like:...
•The reagents are in the form of solids, liquids, or gases.
•The ammonium chloride formed appears as smoke or as a white deposit.
•The total voltage applied to the plate has the appearance (or shape) shown in Fig. 2.
•The resultant rf carrier appears as in Fig. 3.
•The closure usually takes (or has) the form of a cap or plug.
•In this case the equation takes the form:...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > иметь вид
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